Antifungal and antibiofilm effect of duloxetine hydrochloride against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.

Cryptococcosis is an invasive mycosis caused mainly by Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans and is treated with amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. However, antifungal resistance, limited and toxic antifungal arsenal stimulate the search for therapeutic strategies such as drug repurposing. Among the repurposed drugs studied, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown activity against Cryptococcus spp. However, little is known about the antifungal effect of duloxetine hydrochloride (DH), a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI), against C. neoformans and C. gattii. In this study, DH inhibited the growth of several C. neoformans and C. gattii strains at concentrations ranging from 15.62 to 62.50 µg/mL. In addition, DH exhibited fungicidal activity ranging from 15.62 to 250 µg/mL. In biofilm, DH treatment reduced Cryptococcus spp. biomass at a level comparable to AMB, with a significant reduction (85%) for C. neoformans biofilms. The metabolic activity of C. neoformans and C. gattii biofilms decreased significantly (99%) after treatment with DH. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed the anti-biofilm activity of DH, as isolated cells could be observed after treatment. In conclusion, DH showed promising antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms of C. neoformans and C. gattii, opening perspectives for further studies with DH in vivo.

In vitro effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on Cryptococcus gattii capsule and biofilm.

Infections caused by Cryptococcus gattii mainly affect immunocompetent individuals and the treatment presents important limitations. This study aimed to validate the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLH), and paroxetine hydrochloride (PAH) in vitro against C. gattii. The antifungal activity of SSRI using the microdilution method revealed a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 µg/ml. The combination of FLH or PAH with amphotericin B (AmB) was analyzed using the checkerboard assay and the synergistic effect of SSRI in combination with AmB was able to reduce the SSRI or AmB MIC values 4-8-fold. When examining the effect of SSRI on the induced capsules, we observed that FLH and PAH significantly decreased the size of C. gattii capsules. In addition, the effects of FLH and PAH were evaluated in biofilm biomass and viability. The SSRI were able to reduce biofilm biomass and biofilm viability. In conclusion, our results indicate the use of FLH and PAH exhibited in vitro anticryptococcal activity, representing a possible future alternative for the cryptococcosis treatment.

Reposicionamento de fármacos para cryptococose: avaliação experimental do cloridrato de duloxetina em Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii / Repositioning of drugs for cryptococcosis: experimental evaluation of duloxetine hydrochloride in Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatti

Infecções fúngicas como as causadas por Cryptococcus spp. são de alta mortalidade e morbidade. O reposicionamento de fármaco, ou seja, a utilização de compostos para finalidade diferente da qual esse foi desenvolvido, pode ser uma alternativa para identificar fármacos mais eficazes. Assim, este estudo tem como propósito avaliar a atividade antifúngica, in vitro e in vivo, do fármaco cloridrato de duloxetina (CD), antidepressivo pertencente a classe dos Inibidores Seletivos da Recaptação da Serotonina e Norepinefrina frente a cepas padrões e clínicas de Cryptococcus neoformans e C. gattii. Foi utilizada a técnica de microdiluição de acordo com o European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC), e a técnica do "tabuleiro de xadrez" para avaliar o efeito sinérgico de anfotericina B (AmB) em associação com CD. Além disso, foi avaliado o efeito de CD na quantidade do ergosterol. O efeito do CD também foi avaliado em biofilmes de C. neoformans e C. gattii, analisando a biomassa por cristal violeta, a viabilidade celular por XTT e morfologia através das imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). In vivo, a eficácia de CD foi avaliada por curvas de sobrevivência no modelo invertebrado Galleria mellonella. CD foi ativo frente a todas as cepas clínicas e padrões de C. neoformans e C. gattii, apresentando valores de CIM e CFM na faixa de 15,62 ­ 62,5 µg/mL. A combinação de CD com AmB apresentou uma combinação sinérgica, reduzindo o valor da CIM em 4 vezes tanto para CD quanto para AmB. CD não produziu redução na quantidade de ergosterol presente na membrana de C. gattii ATCC e C. neoformans ATCC. Em biofilmes, foi observada a redução da biomassa do biofilme em até 82,16% e redução de 99,6% na viabilidade celular de C. gattii. Em biofilmes de C. neoformans a redução foi de 81,13% e 99,5% respectivamente para a análise de biomassa e viabilidade. As imagens de MEV corroboraram com os achados dos ensaios realizados para análise do efeito de CD em biofilmes. Em G. mellonella aumentou a sobrevivência da larva quando utilizado na concentração de 3,125 mg/larva. Assim, os ensaios validaram a hipótese de que o cloridrato de duloxetina tem ação antifúngica e antibiofilme in vitro frente a cepas clínicas e cepas padrões de C. neoformans e C. gattii. (AU)

Fungal infections such as those caused by Cryptococcus spp. are of high mortality and morbidity. Drug repositioning, that is, the use of compounds for a purpose different from the one for which it was developed, can be an alternative to identify more effective drugs. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo, of the drug duloxetine hydrochloride (CD), an antidepressant belonging to the class of Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors against standard and clinical strains of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. The microdilution technique according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and the "chessboard" technique was used to evaluate the synergistic effect of amphotericin B (AmB) on association with CD. In addition, the effect of CD on the amount of ergosterol was evaluated. The effect of CD was also evaluated in C. neoformans and C. gattii biofilms, analyzing the biomass by crystal violet, cell viability by XTT and morphology through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. In vivo, the effectiveness of CD was evaluated by survival curves in the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model. CD was active against all clinical strains and patterns of C. neoformans and C. gattii, with MIC and CFM values in the range of 15.62 ­ 62.5 µg/mL. The combination of CD with AmB showed a synergistic combination, reducing the MIC value by 4 times for both CD and AmB. CD did not produce a reduction in the amount of ergosterol present in the membrane of C. gattii ATCC and C. neoformans ATCC. In biofilms, a reduction in biofilm biomass of up to 82.16% and a 99.6% reduction in cell viability of C. gattii were observed. In C. neoformans biofilms the reduction was 81.13% and 99.5% respectively for biomass and viability analysis. The SEM images corroborated the findings of the tests carried out to analyze the effect of CD on biofilms. In G. mellonella, larval survival increased when used at a concentration of 3.125 mg/larvae. Thus, the tests validated the hypothesis that duloxetine hydrochloride has antifungal and antibiofilm action in vitro against clinical strains and standard strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii.(AU)